TENDENCIAS DE
DISEÑO PARA PARQUES INFANTILES EN EL ENTORNO URBANO. ESTUDIO DE CASO: BISTRITA,
RUMANIA
Alexandru Marius Tătar [1]
(Manuscrito recibido el 20 de febrero de 2025,
en versión final 22 de mayo de 2025)
Para citar este documento
Tătar, A., M.,
(2025). Tendencias de diseño
para parques infantiles en el entorno urbano. Estudio de caso: Bistrita, Rumania. Boletín geográfico, 47, 1-14.
https://id.caicyt.gov.ar/ark:/s2313903x/ma4bna2xu
Resumen
Este trabajo presenta las últimas tendencias
en el diseño y disposición de parques infantiles en áreas urbanas de rápido
crecimiento. El autor analiza la capacidad potencial de los parques infantiles
para mejorar el desarrollo físico y mental de los niños, fomentar la capacidad
de los parques infantiles para mejorar el crecimiento físico y psicológico de
los niños y fomentar el aprendizaje intensivo sobre el mundo a partir de la
experiencia del juego. El documento contiene ejemplos del uso de componentes no
estándar y estructuras y materiales innovadores en parques infantiles en
Rumania. El análisis considera la necesidad de aplicar tecnologías de punta y
un enfoque creativo equilibrado con el cumplimiento de las normas de seguridad
y estándares de construcción para construir parques infantiles que sean
interesantes y atractivos para los niños y útiles para su desarrollo integral.
El ejemplo de Bistrița compara el diseño de los
distritos históricos de la ciudad y sus distritos periféricos y menciona
requisitos específicos para diseñar parques infantiles descritos en los códigos
y reglamentos correspondientes. Este documento también describe el marco de
cooperación entre clientes del proyecto, diseñadores y residentes del
vecindario (usuarios finales de parques infantiles), como en el caso de Bistrița. Otra tarea es analizar la accesibilidad de un
parque infantil para personas con movilidad reducida. Explora el proceso de
selección de sitios adecuados, el proceso de comunicación con el público
objetivo (residentes) y los desafíos típicos que deben abordar los
planificadores. El período de investigación es de julio de 2023 a marzo de
2024.
Palabras clave: Diseño, Parques infantiles, Entorno
urbano, Bistrita, modelo de espacio de juego amigable
para los niños.
DESIGN TRENDS FOR CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUNDS IN
THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. CASE STUDY: BISTRITA TOWN, ROMANIA
Abstract
This work presents the latest trends in the
design and arrangement of children's playgrounds in rapidly growing urban areas
The author analyses the potential capacity of playgrounds to enhance children’s
physical and mental development, encourage the capacity for playgrounds to
improve children’s physical and psychological growth and encourage intensive
learning about the world from the experience of playing. The paper contains
examples of using non-standard components and innovative structures, and
materials in playgrounds in Romania. The analysis considers the need to apply
state-of-the-art technologies, and a creative approach balanced with compliance
with safety rules and construction standards to build playgrounds which would
be interesting and attractive for kids and useful for their all-around
development. The example of Bistrița compares the design for historic districts
of the city and its peripheral districts and mentions specific requirements for
designing playgrounds outlined in the corresponding codes and regulations. This
paper also describes the cooperation framework between project customers,
designers, and neighbourhood residents (end users of playgrounds), as in the
case of Bistrița. Another task is to analyse the accessibility of a playground
for people with disabilities' mobility. It explores the process of selecting
suitable sites, the process of communicating with the target audience
(residents), and the typical challenges to be addressed by planners. The research period is from July 2023 to
March 2024.
Keywords: Design, Playgrounds, Urban Environment, Bistrița, a model for
child-friendly play space.
Introduction
Bistrița, a city located in northern Romania, is renowned for its rich
history, cultural heritage, and stunning landscapes. Situated in Bistrița-Năsăud County, it serves as an important economic,
cultural, and administrative centre in the region. The city is surrounded by
the Carpathian Mountains, offering a unique blend of urban and natural
environments. Bistrița’s historical centre, with its medieval architecture and
charming atmosphere, attracts both tourists and locals, making it a vibrant
community.
The selection of Bistrița as the study area for the topic of playground
development is justified by several factors:
·
Urban Growth and Community Needs: As Bistrița
continues to expand, there is a growing demand for recreational spaces that cater
to families and children. Playgrounds are essential for fostering physical
activity, social interaction, and overall well-being among young residents.
·
Balancing Urban and Natural Elements: Given its
proximity to natural landscapes, Bistrița has the opportunity
to integrate playgrounds that harmonise with the surrounding
environment, promoting eco-friendly and sustainable urban planning.
·
Tourism and Local Economy: Enhancing recreational
areas, including playgrounds, can boost the city’s appeal as a family-friendly
destination and support the local economy.
·
Community Engagement: Developing well-designed
playgrounds can strengthen community bonds by providing safe and inclusive
spaces for children and families to gather and interact.
By focusing on Bistrița, this
study aims to address the need for modern, accessible, and engaging playgrounds
that align with the city’s unique character and contribute to the quality of
life for its residents.
Nowadays given fast urban
development, and particularly the vast construction of multi-storey residential
areas, the organization of safe and comfortable living environments for kids
and teenagers is a very topical issue from one point of view, life in big
cities gives children many development opportunities, from another - restrict
freedom of movement and access to the natural environment. The classic
definition of sustainable development refers to intergenerational
responsibility. Meanwhile, paradoxically, children represent a social category
often neglected and marginalised, while urban planning is rarely dedicated to
them. We are responsible for assuring the next generations a sustainable future
and a good present so they will become healthy and educated mature tomorrow.
The words "play “and
"children" are inseparable, and children's right to play is rightly
recognised as one of the fundamental rights by the United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child (UNCRC, 2013; Murnaghan, 2019; Morgenthaler et al.,
2023). According to Article 31 of the UNCRC: "Children have the right to
relax and play, and to join in a wide range of cultural, artistic and other
recreational activities" (UNCRC, 2013).
For children, unplanned urbanisation 'means unhealthy and unsafe
environments, limited options for walking and playing, and limited
connectivity' (UNICEF, 2018). Playgrounds should be based on spatial planning
and quality factors, including children's needs and preferences.
Compared to the older
generation modern children and adolescents tend to have fewer possibilities for
playing outdoors (Shackell et al,2018) access to
inner-bloc public playgrounds is being restricted due to numerous factors: the
rise of cars and the use of yards as parking space (Jansson Merit,2010); limit
access to courtyards for safety; lack of public spaces arrangement during new
residential quarters construction; social factors such as parents safety
considerations when they prefer to leave children at home or private commercial
organization under constant control and other factors. However, the presence of
proper public playgrounds in urban building estates is extremely important for
proper children’s development.
According to the definition of
UNICEF, one of the characteristics of a child-friendly city is the availability
to meet friends and have places to play and enjoy themselves. (UNICEF,2018).
Properly designed and equipped children's playgrounds in urban neighbourhoods secure necessary conditions for a healthy
time in the fresh air, physical growth and development of kids and leisure
activities with same-age peers. The research of urban space to plan a
landscaping project reviews the latest trends in children's playground design
and the creation of a model for child-friendly play space (city recreation) in
urban environments.
Methodology
As a method of work, it went in two main directions:
review of the bibliography and field observations. The first one focused on the
trends and design principles used in the arrangement of a playground are
analysed. Designing a playground
requires following certain architectural principles to help create fun,
accessible play areas for kids. Landscape designers know that design principles
and architectural playground equipment are two key elements when creating a
playground. As with any building, architectural design plays a significant role
in creating a playground. Eight main principles of playground architecture
affect every aspect of a playground. These principles ensure that play areas
are accessible for all kids. When designing a playground, it’s essential to provide
space for various types of play so kids can choose their favourite kind. Some
of the most common types of play include the following: active play, creative
play, and social play. Modern playground components use durable, safe materials
to ensure kids have a play space that will withstand the elements and last for
years with proper maintenance. Common types of equipment surfaces include
metal, plastic, wood, and rubber. The best design will allow for adaptive and
inclusive play that shifts with children's interests and abilities. Imagine the types of activities that may go
on there: physical games, creative games, social games, games that engage the
senses, and areas for those children who may wish to play in peace.
Secondly, observations conducted on the ground where
the principles of design and planning of the identified space are established.
Field Observation Process for Playground Development in Bistrița. Field
observations were conducted in various areas of Bistrița, with a focus on
residential neighbourhoods, central areas and existing
green spaces. The aim was to identify potential sites for playground
development, as well as to assess the current condition of existing play
spaces. The process involved: Site Wallowing: the team visited several sites to
assess space availability, accessibility and
development potential; Community interaction: Residents, particularly parents
and children, were asked about their playground needs and preferences;
Documentation of physical conditions: Issues such as condition of surfaces,
presence of playground equipment, level of maintenance and safety of the spaces
were noted.
To select the cases three main categories of
situations were identified: Existing but dilapidated playgrounds (some
playgrounds were outdated, with damaged equipment or unsafe surfaces);
Unutilized green spaces (areas with potential for development but lacking
adequate equipment or infrastructure); Areas without playgrounds (New or
isolated residential neighbourhoods that lacked playground facilities). The
following criteria were established for the selection of study areas:
·
Accessibility: Spaces had to be easily accessible for
children and families, including people with disabilities.
·
Safety: Areas had to be safe, away from heavy traffic
or other hazards.
·
Space size: Spaces had to be large enough to
accommodate play equipment and activities.
·
Integration with surroundings: Preference was given to
areas that could integrate harmoniously into the urban or natural landscape.
·
Community need: Areas with the highest demand from
residents were prioritized. Photographs: Visual documentation of the current
condition of the spaces.
·
Photographs: Visual documentation of the current
condition of the spaces and their characteristics.
·
Maps and Sketches: Creating maps to locate the areas
assessed and propose layouts for future development.
·
Observation Forms: Completion of standardized forms
that included details about dimensions, condition of surfaces, presence of
equipment, and other relevant aspects.
The principles for designing and planning the spaces
were established through a structured process that integrated research,
community consultation and adaptation to local standards and needs. Here is how
each of these principles was defined:
·
Functionality: User needs research was analysed
through surveys, interviews and participatory
workshops (The specific needs of different user groups: children, parents,
people with disabilities)
·
Ergonomics: Anthropometric studies (Body dimensions of
different age groups were considered to design comfortable furniture and
equipment); Universal Accessibility (Universal Design principles were followed
to ensure access for people with disabilities, including ramps, smooth surfaces and adequate manoeuvring spaces); Comfort testing
(Furniture and equipment prototypes were user-tested for ergonomics).
·
Aesthetics: Design Research (Design trends and styles
that fit the local character of Bistrita were
studied); Materials and Colour Choice (Durable materials and visually pleasing
colours were selected to create a welcoming and harmonious atmosphere);
Landscape Integration (The design was tailored to blend into the urban and
natural environment while respecting the historic and cultural character of the
city).
Established principles will guide all stages of
implementation and the spaces will be regularly monitored to ensure that they
meet user needs and quality standards. This process ensures that the
playgrounds in Bistrița will be functional, ergonomic, aesthetic
and safe, creating an ideal environment for children and families.
Results and Discussion
The research results are divided into three segments:
principles of playground design (urban recreation), trends in playground design
and model of urban space transformation. The typology of playgrounds is given
by their location in the urban space, surface area, the complexity of the
facilities and the degree of realisation, the connection with other public
functional infrastructures, and the transposition of design principles.
Playground typology is defined by several factors,
reflecting community needs, urban spatial characteristics, and design
principles. Here is a detailed explanation of the reasons behind this typology
in children's parks:
· Accessibility: playgrounds
should be easily accessible to children and families, regardless of where they
live. This means distributing them evenly throughout the city, including
residential, central and peripheral neighbourhoods.
· Integration into the urban
environment: Their location should harmonise with the city's structure,
respecting existing green areas and avoiding conflicts with other urban
functions (e.g., heavy traffic).
· Connectivity: Play spaces
should be connected to other public infrastructure, such as schools,
kindergartens, community centres and public transport, to facilitate access.
Diversity of activities: Surface area determines the number and type of
activities that can be carried out. The typology of playgrounds has been
defined to respond to the diverse needs of the community, to integrate
harmoniously into the urban environment and to promote a healthy and active
lifestyle.
By respecting these principles, the playgrounds in
Bistrița will become safe, inclusive, and attractive places for children and families,
contributing to improving the quality of life in the city.
In this sense, this are the ways playgrounds impact
children life: playing is a need for children (it is mandatory for their
dynamic growth, physical, mental, and emotional development, and ability to
communicate and socialize); playing activities establish favourable conditions
for the intellectual development ( visual, verbal, and logical thinking); while
playing, a kid complies with the rules, gets acquainted with the behaviour and
relationships of adults, and obtains communication and self-awareness
experience. Thus, a game generates feelings and emotions, encourages volitional
regulation of behaviour, and forms competitive motivation. Playing at public
playgrounds can be viewed as a model of society where children are encouraged
to overcome fears and take risks to cope with difficulties in real life (Sheina y Sokolova, 2016)
The research materials devoted to the study of modern
design trends of children's playscapes, the main design principles that provide
the realization of the entertaining and teaching potential of open playgrounds
(Evergreen, 2016): a participatory approach involving the design process of
public interest groups (psychologists, educators, architects, designers, parents,
et al., both specialists and end users of playgrounds); safety precautions;
accessibility provisions for all social groups; design for the widest possible
target audience – for all ages and abilities; taking into consideration the
environmental characteristics of a chosen area; satisfaction of child's play
needs, providing landscape diversity and multi-purpose elements, ensuring
variability of game scenarios; selection of universal playing elements and
modules; providing opportunities for research, experimentation and learning
through the play; appeal to children's senses; providing opportunities for the
identification of risks, controlling, and diversifying potentially dangerous
situations, and reasonable experience of one's abilities; design for year-round
use, and seasonal versatility; and
accounting for the needs of parents accompanying.
There are three types of playgrounds identified in
urban areas: Outdoor playground, Park-type playground without tartan carpet,
and Neighbourhood playground between blocks with a tartan carpet. To better
understand playgrounds in cities, it is important to define and differentiate
between the three main types of playgrounds. Each type has specific
characteristics that make them suitable for certain contexts and needs. (Table
1).
|
Criteria |
Outdoor Playground |
Park Playground without
Tartan Carpet |
Tartan Carpeted Neighbourhood
Playground |
|
Surface |
Natural (grass, sand) |
Natural or paved |
Synthetic tartan carpet |
|
Equipment |
There is no fixed equipment. |
Fixed structures (swings,
slides) |
Modern and specialised
structures (complex slides, sports fields) |
|
Safety |
Medium |
Average |
High (due to tartan carpet) |
|
Costs |
Low |
Moderate |
High (high cost is due to
the special synthetic material used) |
|
Accessibility |
In parks or green areas |
In parks |
Between blocks in
residential areas |
|
Destination |
Free play and exploration |
Active play and socialising |
Safe and interactive
neighbourhoods play |
Table No. 1 Comparison of the Three Types
of Playgrounds Source:
Alexandru Marius Tătar.
The three types of playgrounds
serve different needs and address specific contexts. Outdoor playgrounds are
ideal for connecting with nature and creative activities, park-type playgrounds
offer a variety of equipment and activities within parks, and tartan carpet
neighbourhood playgrounds provide a safe and modern environment for children in
residential areas. By combining these typologies, the city of Bistrița offers complete
solutions tailored to the needs of all children and families.
Park-type playground located
in the promenade area of inter-war Bistrita flanked
by the defensive wave of the medieval period near the city centre, the space
complies with the following conditions: accessibility provisions for all social
groups, design for the widest possible target audience – for all ages and
abilities, satisfaction of child's play needs, providing landscape diversity
and multi-purpose elements, ensuring variability of game scenarios. Figure 1,
shows examples of realization principles mentioned above:
Figure 1. Park-type playground. Source:
Alexandru Marius Tătar,
March ,2024, King Michael Park 1
The functionality of the
playground is given by achieving the parameters of the stated principle.
Typical of Romanian cities (Bistrița is also included), the playground is close to the children in the
neighbourhood. Well, maintained it is a functional and useful place for the
community. (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Playground between blocks or
next to buildings. Source: Alexandru Marius Tătar, April 2024 Stefan cel Mare
Street.
Principles of Inclusive
Playground Design.
The concept of “universal” or
“inclusive” design means that the design of products and environments should
make them usable by all people to the greatest extent possible, without the
need for adaptation or specialised design. This includes people of all ages
with autism, intellectual disabilities, hearing impairments, cerebral palsy,
spina bifida, and other mental or physical disabilities, as well as their
caregivers. The concept also addresses the needs of other children. The goal of
designing inclusive playgrounds is to maximise each facility’s usability by
individuals with a wide variety of characteristics.
Whether we are talking about
learning strategies or physical space, inclusive design operates by a distinct
set of principles designed to maximise access and everyone's enjoyment of a
space. As with many aspects of our daily lives, one size does not fit all.
Well-designed outdoor play environments must include a variety of experiences
and be accessible to people with varying skill sets. It examines more closely
two principles governing universal playground design: the flexibility in use
and size, and space for approach and use
Flexibility in designing
inclusive playgrounds means that the design accommodates a wide range of
individual preferences and abilities, including low- to high-risk takers. A
play feature that includes adaptable features for a range of users will be most
flexible. For example, interactive elements, like musical instruments, may be
flush with the ground to walk on or roll over, at a seated height for touch or
overhead to reach and stretch. The output also should be varied (e.g.,
vibration and sound). Interactive features, like hand bikes and balance beams,
can be used in a variety of positions (sitting, standing, on the ground or on a
supporting surface). All interactive features should be mounted or securely
attached to a footing so that people can use these elements to move from
sitting to standing and vice versa.
About the size and space for
approach and uses users’ needs inclusive playgrounds, both in accessing and
experiencing the spaces, accommodations for approach, reach and manipulation
must be made. Such designs, for example, would provide ample space to park a
wheelchair or walker while the child engages with water or music play. another
example might be that users who are not very steady on their feet may need a
larger standing area on the equipment than more able-bodied users.
Playgrounds Design Direction.
The research analyses three
trends in the design of recreational spaces for children: Inclusive design for all abilities;
Sustainable materials and eco-friendly designs, and Inclusive technology
integration for accessible and educational playgrounds.
Inclusive design for all
abilities means making playgrounds fun and accessible for every kid, no matter
their abilities. This design helps ensure that kids using wheelchairs can play
just like everyone else. Sensory-Rich Environments: This inclusive playground
has lots of cool things to see, touch, and hear, so every child can find
something fun to do. These features help ensure that all children play
together, making playgrounds a place where everyone feels included and can have
a great time.
On the other hand, Sustainable
playgrounds are all about using materials and designs that benefit our planet.
These playgrounds look great and teach kids how to care for the environment.
Here are some of the incredible ways these playgrounds are helping the Earth:
Recycled Materials: Many playgrounds are now built from previously used materials,
which helps reduce waste and save valuable resources. Biodegradable Materials:
These materials break down naturally over time, so they don’t harm the
environment. Playgrounds using these materials are leading the way in
eco-friendly design. Water and Energy Efficiency: These playgrounds are
designed to use less water and energy. This is good for the earth and teaches
kids the importance of saving resources. By focusing on these sustainable
practices, playgrounds become a fun place where kids can learn about and
practice taking care of the world around them.
Finally, there’s a growing
trend of incorporating technology for educational purposes in playgrounds. From
interactive learning stations to QR codes that offer historical or educational
information, technology is used to enhance the learning experience while
ensuring accessibility for all children.
The evolution of playground
design continues to push boundaries, with a focus on creating spaces that not
only entertain but also nurture creativity, inclusivity, and safety. As
designers and communities collaborate to shape these spaces, the future of
playgrounds holds the promise of being engaging, educational, and delightful
arenas for children’s development and enjoyment.
Model of transformation of urban
space.
Following the analysis of the
playgrounds, a model for the landscaping of a measured area of about 3235
meters ², 0.3235 ha, containing the following facilities: single or double
metal or wooden swings, baby swings with special safety supports, slides of
different sizes and shapes, including spiral slides, slides integrated into
complex play sets, single or double swings, figures on semi-arc, climbing
structures made of metal or wood, such as climbing walls or climbing towers,
fitness equipment adapted for children, such as pull-up bars and balance
equipment, benches and tables for parents and children, activity boards to
stimulate creativity and learning, water and sand games for sensory
development, litter bins and other items of furniture to keep the place clean.
(Figure 5). The design of the proposed model comprised the design principles
established in the research (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Space before fitting out,
present condition. Source: Alexandru Marius Tătar, June 2024.
Figure 4 Delimitation of the area
proposed for planning. Source: Alexandru Marius Tătar realised
in https://www.mapsdirections.info/ro/
The space is in the Bistrița
Nord area: Strada Sucevei-Calea Moldovei
-Piața Mică - commercial
centre (Bistrița Retail Park 1) The location is crossed by the European road E
58 (Figure 4).
Figure 5: Model proposal for
playground design. Source: Alexandru Marius Tătar realised in https://www.bricsys.co
In the area, there is a residential
housing development, a school (three high schools), a wholesale market, a
church, a shopping centre, bicycle parking, and a children's playground
appropriate for the city's sustainable development. The model sketched in
Figure 5 represents a concept of European, multifunctional, citizen-oriented,
community-oriented development.
Developing a playground is
important in developing the quality of life in the urban environment. Another
reason why playground development is a priority is the social integration of
children through play. The importance of play for development is well
documented (Holt, 2015; Stone, 2017). Over the years, many researchers have
attempted to define play, and these definitions vary widely. Most researchers
agree that play encompasses a combination of characteristics, rather than the
presence or absence of a single defining characteristic (Stone, 2017). Fromberg and Bergen (2006) offered play-symbolic
characteristics: meaningful, active, enjoyable, voluntary, intrinsically
motivated, rule-governed, and episodic.
Conclusions
Bistrița's playgrounds
contribute to improving the quality of urban life by providing places for
children and families to relax and play. They promote an active and healthy
lifestyle, reducing screen time and encouraging outdoor activities. The
principles of universal design address more than just usability; designers also
must incorporate other considerations, such as economic, engineering, cultural,
gender and environmental concerns — into their design processes. The principles
described in this research offer designers guidance to better integrate
features that meet the needs of as many users as possible. The analysis of
experience of children's playground design allows us to draw the following
points: the playgrounds are made for the needs of children and represent the
effective development of a game environment where unique landscapes and a
variety of elements make creative, inventive, and emotional games for children;
the difficult composite structure of the playground gives the chance to realize
children's desires and requirements not only in various physical activities but
also in the possibility of rest in the rather private quiet space; creation and
reconstruction of children's playgrounds to increase their aesthetic appeal,
realization of the developing potential, and ensuring compliance to the
revealed principles of design of children's game spaces is necessary.
After this analysis we present
these recommendations for the future: Modernization and maintenance (invest in
replacement of outdated equipment and regular maintenance of existing parks;
expansion in outlying areas (Create new playgrounds in underserved areas to
ensure accessibility for all residents); Inclusion of educational elements
(Adding educational panels, interactive games and
themed areas to stimulate children's development). By continuing to invest in
playgrounds, the city of Bistrița can strengthen its position as a child and
family friendly urban environment, contributing to the well-being of the
community and increasing the quality of life.
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